Infección por Mycobacterium bovis en una adolescente con síndrome febril prolongado / Mycobacterium bovis infection in an adolescent with prolonged febrile syndrome

La tuberculosis bovina es una zoonosis causada por Mycobacterium bovis. El bovino es el huésped primario. Otras especies pueden ser infectadas (cerdos, cabras y caballos, entre otras). En el ser humano, el contagio puede ser por vía aérea (enfermedad pulmonar), clínicamente indistinguible de la producida por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, o por vía oral o cutánea, (formas extrapulmonares: digestiva, ganglionar, cutánea). Su contagio se ha relacionado principalmente al contacto con el ganado y al consumo de lácteos sin pasteurizar. También se notificó el posible contagio interpersonal.Se describe el caso de una paciente adolescente, proveniente de la provincia de Buenos Aires, con síndrome febril prolongado y conglomerado ganglionar abdominal, con antecedente de ingestión de leche no pasteurizada. Es fundamental alertar acerca de la importancia del procesamiento correcto de los alimentos, sobre todo en esta época en la que las nuevas tendencias alimentarias (ingestión de lácteos caseros o comprados en ferias informales) pueden poner en riesgo la salud.

Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious, zoonotic disease, caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The bovine is the primary host. Other species can be infected (pigs, goats, horses, etc). Man can be infected by air (lung disease), clinically indistinguishable from that produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or by oral or cutaneous route (extrapulmonary forms: digestive, lymph node, skin). Contagion has been mainly related to contact with livestock and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. It was also reported the possible contagion between people. It is described the case of an adolescent patient, from the province of Buenos Aires, with prolonged febrile syndrome and abdominal lymph node conglomerate, with a history of ingestion of unpasteurized milk. We consider the importance of warning about the correct processing of food, especially at this time when new food trends (homemade dairy intake or bought at informal fairs) could put the health of the population at risk.

Effect of pasteurization on the antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk / Efeito da pasteurização nas propriedades antioxidantes e oxidantes do leite humano

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by scavenging the 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde (62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 µM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and 54.2±3.8 µM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not exhibited any significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity, avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of advanced protein oxidation products.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da pasteurização nas propriedades antioxidantes e oxidantes do leite humano. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 42 amostras de leite cru e após a pasteurização, para avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelos métodos da capacidade redutora do ferro e sequestro dos radicais derivados do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico). A peroxidação lipídica (PL) foi estimada pela determinação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e pela avaliação dos produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada. Resultados: Não se observou diferença significante no leite humano cru nem após a pasteurização em relação às propriedades antioxidantes determinadas pelo método da redução do ferro (50,0±3,4% e 48,8±3,0%, respectivamente) e pelo sequestro dos radicais derivados do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico) (28,9±1,5% e 31,2±1,3%, respectivamente). Os resultados médios de malondialdeído [MDA] (62,6±4,1 e 64,3±3,6 µM/mg) e produtos de oxidação proteica (59,4±3,4 e 54,2±3,8 µM/L) entre os grupos leite fresco e leite pasteurizado, respectivamente, não evidenciaram diferença significante. Conclusões: Os dados demonstraram que o leite humano possui importante atividade antioxidante e que o processo de pasteurização não interfere nessa propriedade, evitando assim a peroxidação dos lipídios e a formação de produtos avançados de oxidação proteica.

Influence of short-time pasteurization on essential bioactive components and immune cells in human breast milk / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence of short-time pasteurization (62.5±0.5℃ for 5 s) on the main bioactive components and immune cells in human breast milk.Methods:Fresh breast milk was collected from 53 women whose premature infants were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the Children's Hospital of Fudan University from May 2020 to October 2020. Each sample (20 ml) was divided into unsterilized, Holder pasteurized (62.5 ℃ for 30 min), or short-time pasteurized groups. The concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lactoferrin (LTF), lysozyme (LZM), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in breastmilk whey were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the number of viable immune cells (leukocytes, monocytes, T cells, and B cells) in breastmilk by flow cytometry.Results:(1) A total of 87 breast milk samples were collected. The levels of sIgA, LTF, and LZM were the highest in the unsterilized group, followed by the short-time and Holder pasteurized group [0.42 mg/ml (0.33-0.65 mg/ml) vs 0.40 mg/ml (0.28-0.62 mg/ml) and 0.25 mg/ml (0.17-0.37 mg/ml); (3.57±1.06) vs (3.53±1.11) and (0.85±0.58) mg/ml; 128.60 μg/ml (77.18-203.00 μg/ml) vs 121.70 μg/ml (68.66-188.20 μg/ml) and 83.40 μg/ml (47.40-151.40 μg/ml); all P<0.05]. There was no significant difference in the level of IGFBP-3 among the groups. The median retention rates of sIgA, LTF, and LZM in the Holder pasteurized group were all lower than those in the short-time pasteurized group [55.87% (46.01%-71.41%) vs 96.93% (83.03%-115.90%); 21.72% (12.54%-29.42%) vs 97.88% (88.98%-104.30%); 69.26% (49.42%-89.08%) vs 93.80% (74.85%-110.20%); all P<0.05]. No significant difference in the level of preserved IGFBP-3 was observed between the three groups ( P>0.05). (2) The number of viable leukocytes, monocytes, T cells, and B cells in the Holder pasteurized group were lower than those in the unsterilized group [leukocytes: 185.50 (87.00-356.50) vs 1 271.00 (540.50-2 283.00); monocytes: 12.00 (6.00-16.75) vs 266.00 (137.30-518.80); T cells: 1.00 (0.00-2.00) vs 47.50 (28.50-116.00); B cells: 1.00 (0.00-1.75) vs 21.00(10.00-41.50); all P<0.05]. The percentage of viable leukocyte to the total leukocyte and the viable monocytes, T cells, and B cells to the viable leukocytes were lower in the Holder pasteurized group than those in the unsterilized group [24.80%(16.00%-36.80%) vs 74.20%(63.55%-86.45%); 5.91%(4.09%-8.77%) vs 21.90%(17.40%-29.30%); 0.31%(0.00%-1.31%) vs 4.00%(2.69%-6.43%); 0.30%(0.00%-0.86%) vs 1.27%(0.57%-2.85%); all P<0.05]. A similar trend was observed between short-time pasteurization and unsterilized groups (all P<0.05). (3) The percentages of viable monocytes, T cells, and B cells in their subsets were lower in both Holder and short-time pasteurized groups than those in the unsterilized group [2.94%(1.33%-7.14%) vs 9.72%(5.77%-16.00%) and 52.60%(31.35%-68.75%); 0.00%(0.00%-1.61%) vs 0.49%(0.00%-2.53%) and 28.10%(10.55%-57.00%); 0.00%(0.00%-0.83%) vs 0.24%(0.00%-2.47%) and 13.80%(3.27%-41.00%); all P<0.05].The number and percentage of viable leukocytes in total leukocytes and viable monocytes in total monocytes [leukocytes: 279.50(116.80-548.50), 32.20%(20.70%-45.75%); monocytes: 32.00(21.00- 83.75),15.60%(11.10%-19.15%)] were higher than those in the pasteurized group (all P>0.05). The short-time pasteurized group was noted only for a higher percentage of the viable monocytes to viable leukocytes than the Holder pasteurized group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Compared with the Holder pasteurization, sIgA, LTF, LZM level, and monocyte activity in breast milk can be better preserved by short-time pasteurization.

Desejo de doar leite: relação com características maternas / The desire to donate breastmilk: Relationship with maternal

Resumo Objetivo: relacionar o desejo de doar leite materno aos aspectos socio-demográficos, clínicos e obstétricos. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal e analítico com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 226 mulheres durante o puerpério imediato, em um Hospital de Referência do interior do Piauí, Brasil, entre dezembro de 2016 e junho de 2018. Na estatística analítica, realizaram-se os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Razão de verossimilhança e o teste t-Student. Resultados: a caracterização sociodemográfica revelou que as participantes do estudo eram predominantemente casadas (n = 165; 73 %), pardas (n = 145; 64,1 %) e 79 (34,9 %) praticavam atividade física. Das entrevistadas, 78,3 % (n = 177) desejavam ser doadoras de leite materno, o que indica relação significativa com os anos de estudo (p = 0,038) e com as que receberam orientações sobre o assunto durante o pré-natal (p = 0,028). Conclusões: o desejo de doar leite materno esteve significativamente relacionado às variáveis de maior escolaridade da mulher e às orientações recebidas no pré-natal sobre o assunto, o que demonstra a relevância da educação em saúde dentro do contexto.

Resumen Objetivo: relacionar el deseo de donar leche materna con aspectos sociode-mográficos, clínicos y obstétricos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal y analítico con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado con 226 mujeres durante el puerperio inmediato en un hospital de referencia en el interior de Piauí, Brasil, desde diciembre de 2016 hasta junio de 2018. En estadística analítica, se realizaron las pruebas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, razón de probabilidad y t de Student. Resultados: la caracterización sociodemográfica reveló que las participantes del estudio eran predominantemente casadas (n = 165; 73 %), mestizas (n = 145; 64,1 %) y 79 (34,9 %) practicaban actividad física. El 78,3 % (n = 177) de las entrevistadas deseaba ser donante de leche materna, lo que evidenció una relación significativa con los años de estudio (p = 0,038) y con aquellas que recibieron orientación sobre el tema durante la atención prenatal (p = 0,028). Conclusiones: el deseo de donar leche materna se relacionó significativamente con las variables de más alto nivel de escolaridad y la orientación prenatal sobre el tema, lo que demuestra la relevancia de la educación para la salud en el contexto.

Abstract Objective: To relate the desire to donate breastmilk to sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric aspects. Materials and methods Cross-sectional and analytical study with quantitative approach, conducted with 226 women during the immediate postpartum period at a referral hospital in the interior of Piauí (Brazil) from December 2016 to June 2018. For analytical statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson's Chi-square, Likelihood Ratio and Student's t-tests were performed. Results: Sociodemographic characterization revealed that the study participants were predominantly married (n = 165; 73 %); mixed race (n = 145; 64.1 %), and 79 (34.9 %) practiced physical activity. Out of the total number on interviewees, 78.3 % (n = 177) wanted to be breast milk donors, showing a significant relationship with their years of study (p = 0.038) and being provided guidance on the subject during prenatal care (p = 0.028). Conclusions: The desire to donate breastmilk was significantly related to the variables of higher education of women and prenatal guidance on the subject, demonstrating the relevance of health education within this context.

Eficiência da pasteurização lenta do leite de cabra em diferentes binômios tempo/temperatura / Efficiency of slow pasteurization of goat milk in the different time/temperature binomials

O presente estudo analisou um binômio de tempo-temperatura alternativo para ser utilizado na pasteurização lenta sobre a inativação da fosfatase alcalina no leite caprino. Sua eficiência foi demonstrada pela contagem padrão em placas, e foi feita a comparação no processamento de leite refrigerado e congelado. Foram utilizados 18 tratamentos em leite caprino cru (nove em leite refrigerado e nove em leite congelado). Estes foram acondicionados em frascos de 300 mL, pasteurizados a 60, 63 e 65°C durante 10-20-30 minutos, e testadas às enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase. A contagem padrão em placas (CPP) e coliformes a 35 e 45°C foi feita nas amostras cruas e em cada tratamento, em duplicata. Após a pasteurização, todos os tratamentos apresentaram: não crescimento de microrganismos mesófilos, coliformes com <0,3 NMP/mL, prova de fosfatase negativa e peroxidase positiva. A pasteurização foi eficiente para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica do leite tanto refrigerado quanto congelado. Todos os binômios avaliados apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para alcançar os parâmetros preconizados em legislação, sugerindo-se o menor binômio (60°C por 10 min). Não houve diferença entre as formas de armazenamento das amostras: refrigerada ou congelada.

The objective of this study was to investigate an alternative time-temperature binomial to be used in the slow pasteurization on the alkaline phosphatase inactivation in the goat milk. Its efficiency was demonstrated with the standard counting in plates, and also refrigerated and the frozen milks processing were compared. Eighteen treatments were used in the raw goat milk (nine refrigerated milk and nine frozen milk). They were packed in 300 mL-flasks, pasteurized at 60-63-65°C for 10, 20, 30 minutes, and then tested for alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase enzymes. The standard counts in plates (CPP) and coliforms at 35°C and 45°C were performed in the raw samples and in the every treatment, in duplicate. After the pasteurization process, all of the treatments showed: no growth of mesophilic microorganisms, coliforms with <0.3 MPN / mL, negative phosphatase and positive peroxidase tests. The pasteurization was efficient to improve the microbiological quality of the milk either refrigerated or frozen. All of the evaluated binomials presented satisfactory results to reach the recommended parameters preconized in the legislation, suggesting the smaller binomial (60°C for 10 min). There was no difference between the samples storage form, either refrigerated or frozen.

Listeria spp. em queijos Minas Frescal e avaliação das condições higiênicossanitárias de produção e comercialização em Viçosa, MG, Brasil / Listeria spp. in Minas Frescal cheeses and assessement of hygienic-sanitary conditions of production and commercialization in Viçosa, MG, Brazil

A produção de queijo Minas Frescal em propriedades rurais é uma atividade econômica importante em Minas Gerais. Entretanto, a presença de micro-organismos patogênicos compromete a segurança desses produtos, coloca a saúde pública em risco e ameaça esta atividade. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de Listeria spp. em queijos Minas Frescal, as condições de produção e comercialização desses produtos e relacioná-las à presença desses micro-organismos. Foram coletadas 161 amostras, 81 em agroindústrias e 80 em seus pontos de venda. Foram utilizados métodos analíticos oficiais estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para detecção e diferenciação das espécies de Listeria. A adoção das boas práticas durante a fabricação e a comercialização foi mensurada mediante avaliação in loco direcionada por listas de verificação pré-elaboradas. Constatou-se Listeria spp. em 14 amostras (8,7%) provenientes de oito das doze agroindústrias estudadas, quatro inspecionadas e quatro não inspecionadas. L. monocytogenes foi isolada em duas amostras. O percentual de atendimento às boas práticas de fabricação variou entre 28,3% e 51,1% e diversas irregularidades foram observadas durante a comercialização dos queijos. Os resultados indicam risco potencial do consumo deste tipo de produto e a necessidade de adoção das boas práticas de fabricação e comercialização para prevenir contaminações.

The production of Minas Frescal cheese on rural properties is an important economic activity in Minas Gerais, Brazil. However, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms compromises the safety of these products, puts public health at risk and threatens this activity. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the conditions of production and commercialization of the Minas Frescal cheese produced in family agroindustries of Viçosa, MG and to connect them to presence of Listeria spp. A total of 161 samples of Minas Frescal cheese were collected, 81 which were in agroindustries and 80 in their respective market. Were adopted official analytical methods established by the Agriculture Ministry for the detection and differentiation of Listeria spp. The conditions of manufacture and commercialization were evaluated through observations directed by pre-elaborated checklists. Listeria spp. was detected in 14 samples (8.7%) from eight different establishment, four inspected and four non-inspected. L. monocytogenes was isolated in two samples. The compliance with good manufacturing practices ranged from 28.3% to 51.1% and several irregularities were observed during the marketing of the cheeses. These results indicate the potential risk of consumption of this product and the need to prevent contamination of this product in manufacturing and marketing stages.

Effect of different methods of pasteurization on bactericidal action of human milk: A prospective observational study

Background & objectives: Pasteurization involves not only inactivation of pathogens, but also loss of immunological functions and bactericidal action of human milk. Hence, this study was aimed to explore the stability of such bactericidal action after subjecting human milk samples to thermal pasteurization under different condition of time and temperature. Methods: In this observational study 48 human milk samples were analyzed over a period of three months. The effect of holder and flash methods of pasteurization on bactericidal action against Escherichia coli was evaluated compared to the control sample before and after 72 h of storage at ?18癈. Results: Both holder and flash methods of pasteurization showed significant reduction in the E. coli growth to 46.4 and 25.5 per cent, respectively, after 24 h of incubation (P <0.001). The bactericidal activity was significantly more in samples subjected to holder method compared to flash method before and after 72 h of storage (46.41�.38 vs. 25.50�.74, P <0.001 and 42.27�.38 vs. 18.33�.55, P <0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that the bactericidal activity of human milk was better preserved by the holder method of pasteurization. Further well-powered and well-designed randomized trials are needed to confirm the findings.

Survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei (prepared by vibration technology) in fruit juice during cold storage

Background: Foods including probiotics are considered "functional foods." As an alternative to dairy products, we investigated the behavior of Lactobacillus casei when exposed to low-pH fruit juice. Juices of fruits such as pineapple, raspberry, and orange were assessed. Free and microencapsulated forms of L. casei were compared, and the viability of the probiotic was evaluated under storage at 4°C for 28 d. Microbiological analyses were carried out to ensure a safe and healthy product for consumers who look for foods with probiotics from sources other than dairy. Results: Low pH affected L. casei survival during storage depending on the type of fruit juice. In the case of pineapple juice, some microcapsules were broken, but microcapsules recovered at the end of the storage period had 100% viability (2.3 × 107 CFU/g spheres). In the case of orange juice, more than 91% viability (5.5 × 106 CFU/g spheres) was found. In raspberry juice, viability decreased rapidly, disappearing at the end of the storage period, which was caused by the absorption of high concentrations of anthocyanin inside microcapsules more than low pH. Conclusion: Low pH affected the survival of L. casei under refrigeration; even when they were microencapsulated, acidic conditions impacted their viability. Although pH affects viability, its value is very sensitive and will depend on the type of fruit juice and its composition. Some fruit juices contain compounds used as substrates for Lactobacillus and other compounds with antimicrobial effects.

Tuberculosis por Mycobacterium bovis en un niño de la Comuna N° 8, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Mycobacterium bovis Tuberculosis in a child in the Commune n° 8, Buenos Aires City

La tuberculosis bovina es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa producida por Mycobacterium bovis, que, junto con otras micobacterias, compone el complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Su prevención radica en detectar la infección en el ganado bovino y pasteurizar la leche. El hombre, clásicamente, ha adquirido la enfermedad por contacto con el ganado, en el contexto de una zoonosis laboral, o por consumo de productos lácteos no pasteurizados. Se describe el caso de un paciente de 10 años, sin actividades relacionadas con animales, que presenta una forma de tuberculosis pulmonar por M. bovis, indistinguible clínica y radiológicamente de la tuberculosis humana. Se destaca la importancia de la detección de la enfermedad, del control sanitario de los alimentos y del primer nivel de atención en lo que respecta al reconocimiento de la enfermedad y a su prevención en la población.

Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease produced by Mycobacterium bovis, which together with other mycobacteria makes up the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Its prevention lies in detection of the infection in cattle and milk pasteurization. Man has traditionally acquired the disease through contact with livestock, in the context of an occupational zoonosis, or through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. We describe the case of a 10-year-old male patient, without activities related to animals, that presents a form of pulmonary tuberculosis due to M. bovis, clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from human tuberculosis. The importance of the disease detection, the food sanitary control, and the first level of attention, with respect to the recognition of the disease and its prevention in the population, is highlighted.

Application of pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation in treatment of primary malignant bone tumor of extremities. Methods: Between February 2012 and June 2016, 13 patients with primary malignant bone tumor of extremities were treated with pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation after extensive excision. There were 8 males and 5 females, aged from 11 to 27 years, with an average of 17.4 years. Tumors were located at the mid-upper humerus in 2 cases, the mid-upper femur in 2 cases, the mid-lower femur in 6 cases, the mid-upper tibia in 2 cases, and the middle tibia in 1 case. According to Enneking staging system, 3 patients were classified as stage ⅠB, 5 patients as stage ⅡA, and 5 patients as stage ⅡB. There were 11 cases of osteosarcoma and 2 cases of chondrosarcoma. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 8 months, with an average of 4.8 months. The length of the tumor-bearing bone ranged from 8 to 16 cm, with an average of 12.5 cm. Postoperative follow-up was conducted regularly to evaluate the status of inactivated bone and complications. The limb function was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 (MSTS-93) scoring system. Results: All 13 patients were followed up 26-79 months, with an average of 50.5 months. Eleven patients survived without tumors. Two patients had local soft tissue recurrence and underwent amputation, 1 had lung metastasis after amputation and died. All patients had no complications of bone resorption, shortening, and internal fixation disorder. The nonunion of osteotomy occurred in 4 cases. Among them, 3 cases were successfully healed after autologous iliac bone grafting, and 1 case was treated conservatively. The healing time of metaphyseal osteotomy end was 10-15 months (mean, 12.6 months), the healing rate was 90.9% (10/11); the healing time of diaphyseal osteotomy end was 12-21 months (mean, 17.0 months), the healing rate was 72.7% (8/11); and the total healing rate of osteotomy end was 81.8% (18/22). One case had inactivated bone fracture and 1 case had incision dehiscence and infection after operation. At last follow-up, the MSTS-93 score of affected limb ranged from 21 to 28, with an average of 25.3. Conclusion: The procedure of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation is an effective, simple, and economic way in repair of massive segmental bone defect to save limb function for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities.

Residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche pasteurizada distribuida en Montería, Colombia / Organochlorine insecticide residues in pasteurized milk distributed in Monteria Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar y cuantificar residuos de pesticidas organoclorados en leche de vaca pasteurizada distribuida en la ciudad de Montería, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se colectaron y analizaron 144 muestras durante seis meses (junio-diciembre 2013) de ocho marcas comerciales identificadas como A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Mensualmente se realizó un muestreo simple por atributo. Los POCs (puntos de contacto) fueron determinados usando un cromatógrafo de gas con detector captura de electrones, columna capilar RTX-5 (30.0 m longitud x 0.25 mm diámetro interno, 0.25 µÎ¹τι espesor de película). Resultados En las muestras analizadas se observó la presencia de pesticidas organoclorados, excediendo el Límite Máximo Residual establecido por el Codex Alimentarius. Las concentraciones encontradas fueron: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 y 0.028 mg/Kg de Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrín/Dieldrín, ΣHeptacloro/Heptacloro epóxido, Endrín, α-Clordano, γ-Clordano y Endosulfán I, respectivamente. La marca con mayor número de residuos de pesticidas detectados durante el estudio fue la A. La marca G presentó mayor concentración de residuos de pesticidas totales con 1.46 mg/Kg. Las marcas C y D presentaron, concentraciones menores de 0.72 y 0.0016 mg/Kg, δ-HCH y γ-Clordano respectivamente. Conclusiones Las muestras de leche pasteurizada bajo estudio, presentan residuales de pesticidas organoclorados por encima del límite máximo residual establecidos por el Codex Alimentarius, indicando un riesgo para la salud pública especialmente para los niños que es un subgrupo de la población más vulnerable.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine and quantify organochlorine pesticide residues in pasteurized cow's milk distributed in the city of Monteria, Colombia. Materials and Methods 144 samples were collected and analyzed for six months (June-December 2013) from eight commercial brands identified as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H. Simple sampling by attribute was carried out monthly. The POC (points of contact) were determined using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector, with a capillary column RTX-5 (30.0 m long x 0.25 mm internal diameter, 0.25 pm film thickness). Results The samples analyzed showed organochlorine pesticides, exceeding the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius. The concentrations found were: 0.53; 0.15; 0.57; 0.40; 0.22; 0.20; 0.014; 0.002 and 0.028 mg/Kg of Σα-HCH/ß-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, ΣAldrin/Dieldrin, ΣHeptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, α-chlordane, γ- chlordane and Endosulfan I, respectively. The brand with the highest number of pesticide residues detected during the study was A. The G brand had the highest concentration of total pesticide residues with 1.46mg/Kg. The C and D brands had lower concentrations with 0.72 and 0.0016mg/Kg, and δ-HCH and γ- chlordane, respectively. Conclusions The samples of pasteurized milk under study had organochlorine pesticides residue levels above the maximum residue limit established by the Codex Alimentarius, indicating a risk to public health, especially in children, which the most vulnerable sub-group.(AU)

Diseño de un alimento infantil listo para consumir fortificado con hierro a base de arveja (Pisum sativum) / Design of a ready-to-eat child food fortified with pea-based iron (Pisum sativum)

Resumen Introducción: La deficiencia de hierro es uno de los problemas nutricionales más prevalentes a nivel mundial y afecta principalmente a la población vulnerable como niños menores de 5 años. Los alimentos fortificados de consumo infantil hacen parte de las estrategias de intervención y se elaboran a partir de la mezcla ingredientes como cereales, frutas, leguminosas, entre otros. La arveja, es una leguminosa que puede ser empleada con el fin de aprovechar sus propiedades nutricionales. Objetivo: Diseñar un alimento infantil con arveja (Pisum sativum) listo para consumir, fortificado con hierro e higienizado por pasteurización. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionó el porcentaje de arveja adecuado en el alimento mediante análisis sensorial. La selección de la sal de hierro se realizó mediante análisis fisicoquímico y sensorial empleando sulfato ferroso y hierro aminoquelado. Posteriormente se evaluó el crecimiento de microorganismos mesófilos con el fin de seleccionar el tratamiento térmico de pasteurización. La evaluación de vida útil se llevó a cabo a través de pruebas sensoriales. Finalmente se realizó la evaluación fisicoquímica, composicional y microbiológica del alimento higienizado. Resultados: La adición de arveja en porcentajes no mayores al 6,5% dentro de la formulación del alimento resultó aceptable para los padres de niños menores de 5 años. Por otra parte la sal seleccionada por generar menos cambios sobre el color y la acidez del alimento durante el almacenamiento fue hierro aminoquelado. Los resultados de tratamiento térmico mostraron que para reducir la concentración inicial de mesófilos y obtener un alimento de buena calidad de acuerdo con la normativa colombiana vigente fue necesario someter el alimento a 85°C durante 13 minutos (0,45 D), con lo que se consiguió mantener la calidad inicial del alimento durante 12 días bajo refrigeración. Conclusiones: El alimento desarrollado cumple con los criterios sensoriales y microbiológicos exigidos en la normativa colombiana vigente y es apto para el consumo, además se puede catalogar como alto en hierro y buena fuente de proteína, aportando el 25% y el 15% de la recomendación diaria en Colombia respectivamente.

Abstract Introduction: Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional problems at the global level which mainly affects the vulnerable population as children under 5 years of age. Fortified foods of child consumption are part of the intervention strategies, which are made from the mixture of ingredients such as cereals, fruits, legumes, among others. Pea is a legume that can be used in order to take advantage of its nutritional properties. Objective: To design a ready-to-eat child food with peas (Pisum sativum), fortified with iron and sanitized by pasteurization. Materials and methods: The appropriate percentage of peas in the food was selected by sensory analysis. The selection of iron salt was made by physicochemical and sensory analysis using ferrous sulphate and chelate iron. Subsequently, the growth of mesophilic microorganisms was evaluated in order to select the pasteurization heat treatment. The useful life evaluation was carried out through sensory tests. Finally, the physico-chemical, compositional and microbiological evaluation of the sanitized food was implemented. Results: The addition of peas in percentages not greater than 6.5% within the food formulation was acceptable for parents of children under 5. On the other hand, the selected salt to generate less changes on the color and acidity of the food during storage was chelate iron. The results of heat treatment showed that for reducing the initial concentration of mesophiles and obtaining a good quality food according to the Colombian regulations in force, it was necessary to submit the food to 85 °C for 13 minutes (0.45 D), which managed to maintain the initial quality of the food for 12 days under refrigeration. Conclusions: The developed food complies with the sensory and microbiological criteria demanded in the Colombian regulations in force and is suitable for consumption. Besides, it can be catalogued as high in iron and a good source of protein, contributing with 25% and 15% of the daily recommendation in Colombia, respectively.

Breast Milk-Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Infection in Preterm Infants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) virolactia, and the prevalence of breast milk (BM)-transmitted postnatal CMV infection among premature infants after freeze-thawing (FT) and Holder pasteurization (HP) of breast milk. METHODS: This is a single-center, retrospective study of 312 infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation, or with a birth weight less than 1,500 g from January 2013 to June 2017. All infants were screened for CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM at birth. Initial CMV specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and CMV culture were performed on mothers' BM and babies' urine within the first 21 days of life. FT and HP of BM was used to prevent the transmission of CMV. For the surveillance of postnatal CMV infection, CMV culture and CMV specific PCR of urine from babies were repeated one to two months after the initial screening. Screening for viremia and viruria was performed if postnatal CMV infection was suspected. RESULTS: Among 178 BM samples obtained from mothers of CMV-IgG-seropositive infants, 80 (44.9%) were CMV PCR positive. CMV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected in five of the 22 BM samples (22.7%) obtained from the mothers of CMV-IgG seronegative infants. When CMV DNA load in BM was measured before and after HP, various results were shown. Sixty-three infants out of 232 (27.2%) were evaluated for postnatal CMV infection and four infants out of 63 (6.3%) were infected. CONCLUSION: Interventions to prevent BM-transmitted CMV infection can reduce the chance of postnatal CMV infection, but not completely eliminate it.

Antibiotic residues in pasteurized and unpasteurized milk marketed in southwest of Paraná, Brazil / Resíduos de antibióticos no leite pasteurizado e não pasteurizado comercializados no sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The treatment of dairy cattle with antibiotics may lead to milk contamination by drugs residues, which represents risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic residues in milk, produced and marketed in Capanema microregion, Paraná, Brazil, through the analysis of pasteurized milk samples from different brands consumed by the local population and unpasteurized milk samples provided by a dairy industry. Enzyme immunoassays screening kits SNAPduo™ Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) were used, which verified the presence of β-lactam and tetracyclic drugs residues, as well as enzyme immunoassays screening kits Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences), which established the presence of quinolones and sulfonamides groups. Positive samples were reported for the four different classes of drugs, demonstrating failures in the inspection and monitoring of the sanitary and chemistry quality of the milk. Results obtained will form the basis to building a database about the quality of milk produced and marketed in the region, as well as the use of these materials to build up an initial theoretical framework for the development of research in animal health and public policies focused on the milk producers and dairy industry, to improve the quality of the milk produced.

RESUMO: O tratamento do rebanho leiteiro com antibióticos pode levar a contaminação do leite por resíduos de medicamentos, o que representa riscos para a saúde humana. Este trabalho procurou investigar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite, produzido e comercializado na microrregião de Capanema, Paraná, Brasil, através da análise de amostras de leite pasteurizado de diferentes marcas consumidas pela população local, além de amostras de leite não pasteurizado, fornecidas por um laticínio da região. Testes de triagem imunoenzimáticos SNAPduo™ Beta-Tetra ST Test (Idexx Laboratories) foram utilizados para verificar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos das classes β-lactâmicos e tetracíclicos, bem como os kits imunoenzimáticos Charm ROSA Test (Charm Sciences) que verificaram a presença dos grupos de antibióticos quinolonas e sulfonamidas nas amostras. Foram encontradas amostras positivas para as quatro classes de antibióticos pesquisadas, demonstrando falhas na inspeção e no monitoramento da qualidade química e sanitária do leite. Os resultados obtidos servirão de base para a construção de um banco de dados sobre a qualidade do leite produzido e comercializado na região, bem como o uso dessas informações para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas em saúde animal e políticas públicas voltadas para os produtores de leite e laticínios da região, buscando a melhoria da qualidade do leite produzido.

De la escrófula a la linfoadenitis micobacteriana / From scrophula to mycobacterial lymphadenitis

Resumen En el siglo XIX se pensaba que la tuberculosis y la tumefacción ganglionar cervical llamada escrófula afectaban a individuos predispuestos por una "constitución diatésica" heredada. En 1882 Robert Koch demostró que lesiones tuberculosas y escrofulosas humanas eran causadas por el bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A principios del siglo XX se estableció que Mycobacterium bovis, bacilo de la tuberculosis del ganado, podía también causar linfoadenitis cervical en humanos, especialmente en niños, por la ingestión de leche de vacas enfermas. La condición disminuyó después que se controló la infección en el ganado y se introdujo la pasteurización de la leche. En 1956 se describió la linfoadenitis cervicofacial granulomatosa necrosante y supurada causada por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Afecta principalmente a niños bajo los cinco años, especialmente en países sin endemia de tuberculosis. Las linfoadenitis cervicales tuberculosas predominan en adultos jóvenes en países con tuberculosis endémica y en individuos infectados por VIH.

In the 19th century it was widely believed that both tuberculosis and cervical lymph node swelling, known as scrophula, affected individuals predisposed to an inherited "diathetic constitution". In 1882 Robert Koch proved that human tuberculosis and scrophulous lesions were caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the early twentieth century it was stated that Mycobacterium bovis, the bacillus of cattle tuberculosis, could also cause cervical lymphoadenitis in humans, especially in children, by the intake of milk from sick cows. The incidence of this condition decreased after the infection was controlled in cattle and pasteurization of the milk was introduced. A type of granulomatous necrotizing and suppurative cervico-facial lymphadenitis associated to non-tuberculous mycobacteria was described in 1956. It mainly affects children younger than 5 years old, particularly those born in countries with non-endemic tuberculosis. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is prevalent in young adults from tuberculosis-endemic countries and in HIV-infected subjects. Infectious etiology displaced the importance of a personal disposition in the development of scrophula. Nevertheless, mutations that confer susceptibility to mycobacterial infection are currently investigated.

ANÁLISIS DE UN JUGO DE MORA (Rubus adenotrichos) ENDULZADO CON ESTEVIA (Stevia rebaudina Bertoni), UNA APROXIMACIÓN METABOLÓMICA

La investigación tuvo como propósito analizar, a través de una aproximación de estudio metabolómico, la composición integral de un jugo microfiltrado a base de mora (Rubus adenotrichos), endulzado con hojas deshidratadas de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) y su comparación con análogos obtenidos por tratamiento térmico convencional, endulzados con sacarosa. Para el registro de la información espectral, se optó por un enfoque no dirigido, en el que se midieron, simultáneamente, tantos metabolitos, como fue posible, en los cuatro tipos de muestras elaboradas (jugo microfiltrado no pasteurizado y pasteurizado, endulzado con estevia y sacarosa). Fue empleado un sistema de Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Alta Resolución (UPLC), equipado con un detector de red de fotodiodos (PDA) acoplado a un electrospray de ionización y dispuesto con Q-TOF al espectrómetro de masas (ESI-Q-TOF/MS). Con base en los archivos formato SPL, aportados por el UPLC y, una vez convertidos a formato NetCDF, se efectuó el análisis respectivo, en el software MZmine, el cual, detectó cada uno de los iones presentes, discriminando la presencia o no de los mismos, en las diferentes muestras, identificándolos según su masa (molecular) y el tiempo de retención donde fueron registrados en el espectro, por el espectrómetro de masas. De acuerdo con las deducciones generadas, el análisis estadístico aplicado, confirmó la variación de la composición del jugo endulzado, tanto con estevia como con sacarosa, al ser sometidos a tratamiento térmico, al corroborar diferencias estadísticamente significativas, lo que permite afirmar que el tratamiento, para las formulaciones estudiadas, genera una variación de los iones presentes.

The purpose of the research was to analyze, through a metabolomic study, the overall composition of a microfiltration blackberry juice (Rubus adenotrichous) sweetened with dried leaves of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and its comparison with analogues obtained by conventional heat treatment, sweetened with sucrose. The spectral information was obtained by an undirected approach. all possible metabolites produced in the four samples (unpasteurized and pasteurized microfiltered juice, sweetened with stevia and sucrose) were measured simultaneously. Analyses were conducted in series using a Waters Acquity Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography system (UPLC) equipped with a photodiode array detector (PDA) and coupled with Electrospray Ionization and Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF/MS. SPL format files, provided by the UPLC, in the analysis of the samples were converted to NetCDF format, the respective analyzes were performed by the MZmine software. all ions were detected, discriminating presence or not in the different samples. The mass (molecular) and the retention time were recorded by the mass spectrometer. The results of the statistical analysis applied confirmed the variation in composition microfiltration blackberry juice sweetened with sucrose and stevia when subjected to heat treatment step, corroborating statistically significant differences between them, which allows to affirm that the treatment for the formulations studied generates a variation of the ions present.

Efficacy of flash heat treatment vs holder pasteurization on antimicrobial activity and immunoglobulin: A preservation in donor breast milk

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Human milk is considered the optimal nutritional source for infants. Due to the possibility of microbial contamination during collection and handling, milk is pasteurized to prevent transmission of pathogens. In low-income areas where pasteurization is inaccessible, the pursuit for the best alternative in rendering donor milk safe remains.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> We aimed to determine and compare the efficacy of flash heat treatment and holder pasteurization in preserving human milk IgA while reducing bacterial contamination of donor breast milk.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> This is an experimental study which utilized pooled donor breastmilk from healthy mothers later subjected to bacterial analysis and immunoglobulin A level determination prior to and post flash heat treatment and pasteurization. Standardized scores were used to normalize population with unknown parameters. T-test comparison of means and Levene's test for equality of variances were used.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS</strong>: Twenty samples of aliquoted breastmilk were subjected to pasteurization and flash heat treatment, both yielding a statistically significant reduction in colony-forming units using Blood agar and MacConkey plates. These sample groups also underwent IgA level determination using Bindarid Kit IgATM and there was no significant decline in IgA levels.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> Flash heat treatment may be an alternative for holder pasteurization in providing safe and effective breastmilk.</p>

Progress of pasteurization of breast milk / 国际儿科学杂志

Breast milk is rich in nutrients,moderate in content and proper in proportion.It is easy for in-fants to digest and absorb and is the best food for infants,especially for preterm infants.Breastfeeding can im-prove the survival rate of preterm infants,improve the nervous system and visual development,and reduce the in-cidence of infection,providing the ideal immune defense for premature infants.Mother's own milk is the best choice.However,pasteurized donor milk is the preferred nutrition when the supply of mother's own milk is limit-ed for sickness or other reasons.Holder pasteurization is highly effective at destroying pathogens in human milk while leading to the loss of nutrients and the decrease of biological protection ability.At present,the research of holder pasteurization is hot.In order to keep more nutrients,immune active substances and beneficial bacteria in breast milk while destroying pathogens effectively,this review discusses the progress of pasteurization of breast milk.

Brucelosis: zoonosis de importancia en México / Brucellosis: a zoonosis of importance in Mexico

Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonosis in most parts of the world. This zoonosis remains a great problem to public health in developing countries, although developed countries have successfully controlled it. Mexico still shows a high annual brucellosis incidence in humans; thus, the country is considered around the world as an endemic brucellosis country. Aim: To describe the connection/association between this zoonosis and the current epidemiological situation in the Mexican population. Methods: Perusal of research reports, epidemiological studies and veterinarian reviews performed in Mexico, using data bases such as PubMed, Thompson Reuters, Mesh research. Conclusion: The risk of infection by Brucella in Mexico is associated with the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, mainly fresh cheeses.

Introducción: La brucelosis es una de las enfermedades zoonóticas más frecuentes en la mayor parte del mundo. Mientras que en los países desarrollados han logrado con éxito su control, en los países en vías de desarrollo continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública. México continúa presentando alta incidencia anual de brucelosis en humanos, por lo que es considerado un país endémico de brucelosis. Objetivo: Describir la relación de esta zoonosis con la situación epidemiológica actual en la población de México. Material y Métodos: Consulta de reportes de investigación, estudios epidemiológicos y revisiones veterinarias, realizadas en México, a través de bases de datos como PubMed, Thompson Reuters y Meshresearch. Conclusión: El riesgo del contagio de Brucella spp. en México está asociado al consumo de productos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente quesos frescos.

Qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite pasteurizado no Estado do Paraná / Microbiological and physico-chemical quality of pasteurized milk in the state of Parana

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite pasteurizado do estado do Paraná, totalizando 966 laudos no período de janeiro a setembro de 2014. Os resultados foram comparados com a legislação vigente. As amostras satisfatórias compreendem 75,7%. As cidades com maior número de amostras em desacordo foram: Cascavel (40%), Campo Mourão (39,3%), Ivaiporã (31,5%), Jacarézinho (30,5%), Paranavaí (30,4%), Apucarana (29,5%), Ponta Grossa (28,6%). Nos meses de Maio (34,6%), Junho (29,6%) e Setembro (26,3%) foi observado maior percentual de desacordo das amostras analisadas. Foi observada a presença de coliformes a 35°C, coliformes a 45°C e Salmonella spp. em 56,2%, 13,4 e 0,3% das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Das amostras em desacordo, 28,1% apresentaram alteração na crioscopia e 1,0% para fosfatase alcalina e para peroxidase. Conclui-se que um quarto das amostras analisadas não estão dentro dos padrões e as análises microbiológicas estavam insatisfatórias, o que indica a necessidade de maior controle da qualidade do leite desde a obtenção até o final do processamento.